Nicotinic Regulation of Energy Homeostasis

Neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis

Energy homeostasis is under a strict control that allows the individual to adequately respond to environmental and internal energy demands. It depends on the coordination between feeding behaviour and energy expenditure. Different peripheral (humoral and neural) factors respond to conditions of negative energy balance inhibiting basal metabolic rate, and altering the synthesis of hypothalamic p...

Hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis

Introduction For many years obesity has been known to induce a state of systemic low-grade inflammation that contributes to the development of numerous comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders (1–3). In addition to metabolic derangements in peripheral organs, obesity-related inflammatory changes perturb brain function, especi...

Regulation of Energy Homeostasis via GPR120

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are fundamental units of key nutrients. FFAs exert various biological functions, depending on the chain length and degree of desaturation. Recent studies have shown that several FFAs act as ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), activate intracellular signaling and exert physiological functions via these GPCRs. GPR120 (also known as free fatty acid receptor 4) i...

Regulation of Energy Homeostasis by GPR41

Imbalances in energy regulation lead to metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Diet plays an essential role in the maintenance of body energy homeostasis by acting not only as energy source but also as a signaling modality. Excess energy increases energy expenditure, leading to a consumption of it. In addition to glucose, mammals utilize short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pro...

REGULATION OF ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS BY THE KIDNEY